Geographical Overview
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia, with a shape often likened to an elephant’s head—Bangkok as the "eyes" and the long southern peninsula as the "trunk". This southern region is flanked by Thailand’s most popular beach resorts.
- Eastern coastline: Washed by the Gulf of Thailand (part of the South China Sea).
- Western coastline: Borders the Andaman Sea.
Neighboring countries include:
- Cambodia and Laos to the east.
- Myanmar to the west.
- Malaysia to the south
The landscape is impressively diverse, ranging from flat plains and rolling hills to dramatic cliffs. Thailand is home to around 70 national parks and nature reserves, making it a paradise for eco-tourists and adventurers alike.
The country also boasts a multitude of islands, both large and small, scattered along its coastlines. The most famous among them are Phuket, Koh Chang and Koh Samui—each offering its own unique atmosphere and attractions.
Historical Background
Thailand’s ancient history is not fully documented, but its recognized historical timeline begins in 1238 with the founding of the Kingdom of Sukhothai, the country’s first independent state. This early kingdom lasted for about 150 years before being absorbed by the more powerful and expansive Kingdom of Ayutthaya, also known historically as Siam.
Ayutthaya flourished for centuries but was frequently engaged in wars with neighboring Burma (now Myanmar) and Kampuchea (Cambodia). In 1767, the city of Ayutthaya was destroyed by Burmese forces, marking the end of the kingdom.
A new chapter began in 1782, when the capital was moved to a small village that would grow into present-day Bangkok. Over the next century, Bangkok transformed into the vibrant heart of the country.
During the colonial era, Thailand—then Siam—managed to avoid colonization, a rare achievement in Southeast Asia, as neighboring regions fell under British or French control. This preservation of independence remains a source of national pride. In 1939, as the country transitioned to a constitutional monarchy, the name was officially changed to Thailand, meaning "Land of the Free".
Today, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The monarchy, however, retains a deeply revered position in Thai society. King Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej), who ascended the throne in 1946, became the world’s longest-reigning monarch and is still remembered with profound respect.
Since the 1970s, tourism has emerged as a vital sector of the Thai economy, helping to transform Thailand into one of the most visited destinations in the world.
Language and Religion
Over 90% of Thais practice Buddhism, and this deeply influences the national character and way of life. Thai culture is grounded in values such as compassion, respect, and harmony, which are reflected in everyday interactions—from the gentle care shown to animals and children, to the warm hospitality extended to tourists.
Even in the most remote corners of the country, you're likely to come across a temple or small pagoda, quietly standing as a symbol of faith. In larger cities, there are numerous spiritual and meditation centers, many of which welcome foreign visitors and offer insight into Buddhist practices.
The Thai language is known for its melodic, sing-song quality, as it belongs to the tonal language family. This means that the same word can have different meanings depending on the tone used. Interestingly, there is no direct word for "hunger" in Thai, but there are several expressions for "smile"—a reflection of the nation's warm and optimistic outlook.
Despite language differences, communication is rarely a barrier. In major tourist areas, English is widely spoken, and in some regions, especially in popular resorts, Russian and other languages are also understood.
Cuisine
Thai cuisine is reason enough to visit the country—it’s a vibrant, flavorful celebration of Southeast Asian culinary traditions. The foundation of most dishes includes rice, noodles, seafood, meat, vegetables, and an abundance of tropical fruits. In fact, Thailand offers one of the richest and most affordable fruit selections in the region.
From spicy coconut milk soups to egg noodles with green mango and crushed peanuts, Thai cuisine offers hundreds of variations to please every palate. The best part? Great food isn’t limited to restaurants. Some of the most delicious and authentic meals can be found at modest local eateries and vibrant street food stalls.
Thailand has a well-established street food culture, with nearly every city hosting night markets, where locals and tourists alike enjoy freshly prepared dishes, snacks, and sweets. When it comes to drinks, you’ll find fresh fruit juices, iced tea, iced coffee, and locally brewed beer, all popular and readily available.
Transport
Thailand boasts a well-developed transportation network that includes international and domestic airports, railway lines, long-distance bus terminals, marinas, and ports.
- Left-hand traffic is the rule of the road.
- Roads and highways are generally in good condition, with road signs in both Thai and English.
Getting around is easy and flexible. Common modes of transport include:
- Scooters and motorcycles (very popular among both locals and tourists).
- Tuk-tuks (three-wheeled motorized rickshaws, perfect for short trips).
- Taxis and ride-hailing services.
- Private car rentals.
For longer journeys, travelers can opt for trains, buses, or domestic flights, all of which connect major cities and tourist hubs efficiently.
Holidays
Thailand’s calendar is rich with vibrant festivals and cultural celebrations, many of which are rooted in Buddhist, royal, or seasonal traditions. Here are some of the most notable holidays:
- First Friday of February – Chiang Mai Flower Festival. A stunning display of floral art and beauty in northern Thailand, featuring parades, flower floats, and traditional performances.
- Early February – Chinese New Year. Celebrated with great enthusiasm across the country, especially in areas with large Chinese communities such as Bangkok’s Chinatown. Expect fireworks, dragon dances, and festive street markets.
- April – Songkran (Thai New Year). One of Thailand’s most famous and joyful festivals. Traditionally a time for purification and blessings, it has evolved into a nationwide water fight. Be prepared to get soaked—even a casual walk through the street can turn into a splash fest!
- November (Full Moon) – Loi Krathong. One of the most beautiful festivals of the year. People gather near rivers, lakes, or canals to float decorative boats made from palm leaves, while others release sky lanterns into the night sky, creating a magical scene of lights and reflections.
- December 5 – King’s Birthday. A national holiday in honor of the late King Rama IX, marked by parades, candlelit ceremonies, and festive events throughout the country.
Medicine and Healthcare
Thailand is known for its high-quality healthcare system, which blends modern Western medicine with traditional Eastern practices. Many international visitors come for medical tourism, including wellness treatments, cosmetic procedures, and holistic therapies.
- Public and private hospitals in major cities like Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Phuket offer excellent care, often with English-speaking staff.
- Emergency care is readily available, but it can be costly for tourists without insurance.
- It is highly recommended to arrange comprehensive travel medical insurance before your trip to cover potential emergencies or hospital visits.
Emergency numbers
- Tourist police 1155
- Single number for police, ambulance and fire department 191
- Traffic police 1193
- Nearest Embassy of Georgia in India +91 405 01 424
Address: 169, Jor Bagh, New Delhi, 110003, India
Useful Tips for Travelers in Thailand
Smile!
Thais are generally calm, polite, and non-confrontational. A smile goes a long way. Avoid public displays of anger or rudeness, which are considered disrespectful and can provoke negative reactions.
Important: Never criticize or insult the monarchy or Buddhist monks—these are highly respected institutions and protected by strict laws.
Respect Buddhist customs and temples
- Dress modestly when visiting religious sites: cover your shoulders and knees.
- Remove your shoes before entering temples.
- Never point your feet toward a Buddha statue or altar, and avoid sitting in a way that shows the soles of your feet.
Mind your gestures
- Avoid patting anyone on the head, even children—it’s considered sacred.
- Touching someone’s head is highly inappropriate, as it's believed to be the seat of the soul.
- Refrain from patting people on the back or shoulders, unless you know them well.
Stay alert in nightlife areas
If visiting areas known for bars and clubs, use common sense, stay in groups if possible, and be cautious with your belongings.
Be aware of souvenir restrictions
It is forbidden to export the following without special permission:
- Buddha or Bodhisattva statues taller than 13 cm
- Monks' alms bowls
Exceptions are made for practicing Buddhists transporting items for cultural or academic purposes, but an export license from the Thai Fine Arts Department is required.
