Geographical Location
Spain is the second-largest country in Europe (after France) and is located on the Iberian Peninsula, which features a strikingly diverse landscape of mountain ranges and expansive coastlines.
It shares borders with:
Spain also includes several island groups:
- The Balearic Islands and Pitiusas in the Mediterranean
- The Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean
Historical Overview
The name Spain (Spanish: España) dates back to ancient times when Phoenicians referred to the Iberian Peninsula by that name. However, human presence in the region predates recorded history—Spain is home to prehistoric caves with preserved ancient artwork.
Over the centuries, Spain was:
- Part of the Roman Empire
- Later ruled by the Visigoths
- Then conquered by Arab Moors, who introduced a rich cultural legacy
During the Middle Ages, both Christian and Moorish states coexisted on the peninsula. In 1474, the unification of Castile and Aragon marked the birth of modern Spain as a unified kingdom.
Today, Spain consists of 17 autonomous regions, each with its own identity and traditions. Spain is famous for:
- Bullfighting
- The passionate art of flamenco
- Its world-renowned cuisine
Tourism plays a significant role in the national economy, driven by the pleasant climate, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture. Spaniards are known for their cheerfulness, hospitality, and deep national pride.
Religion & Language
The official language is Spanish (Castilian).
In various provinces, regional languages are also spoken:
- Catalan
- Valencian
- Galician
- Basque
Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion:
- Around 95% identify as Catholic
- However, fewer than 25% regularly attend church services
- Spain is religiously tolerant and not characterized by religious extremism
Cuisine
Spanish cuisine is celebrated for its variety, freshness, and regional diversity. It emphasizes:
- Seafood
- Fresh vegetables and fruits
- Herbs and spices
- Olive oil, garlic, onions, tomatoes, and peppers
Each region has its own signature dishes, but some staples include:
- Jamón (dry-cured ham)
- Gazpacho (cold tomato soup)
- Paella (a traditional rice dish with seafood, meat, or vegetables—every village has its own unique recipe)
Spanish food is generally light, healthy, and easy to prepare, reflecting the Mediterranean lifestyle.
Transport
Spain has a well-developed transportation network, including more than ten international airports, located across nearly every province and the islands. The largest and busiest airports are in Madrid and Barcelona.
- Domestic flights are frequent and convenient.
- The rail network is highly developed, with several high-speed lines (AVE), including:
- Madrid–Seville
- Madrid–Barcelona
- Madrid–Valencia
- Madrid–Málaga
- Madrid–Lleida
- Another high-speed service, Talgo 200, operates on routes such as:
- Madrid–Cádiz
- Madrid–Huelva
Within cities, public transport is efficient and widely available:
- Metro systems in major cities
- Public buses
- Taxis
Holidays and Festivals
Spain is famous for its vibrant festivals and public celebrations, held year-round in cities and villages alike.
- February: Carnival season, with the most famous celebration in Cádiz, known for its military orchestra and satirical themes.
- March: Las Fallas in Valencia – the city fills with enormous papier-mâché sculptures that are burned in a grand finale.
- Holy Week (Semana Santa) (March–April): A major religious event featuring dramatic processions and reenactments of the Stations of the Cross. Celebrations are especially notable in Castile (Valladolid, Cuenca, Zamora) and Andalusia (Seville, Málaga).
- April: In Seville, a week-long folkloric fair takes place, complete with traditional dress, dancing, and local markets.
- May: El Rocío pilgrimage in Andalusia, a religious procession honoring the Virgin Mary. Horseback riders travel to the Almonte Monastery, home to the sacred icon.
- July 6–14: San Fermín Festival in Pamplona, world-famous for the running of the bulls through the city streets.
Official Public Holidays in Spain
- January 1 – New Year’s Day
- January 6 – Epiphany (Three Kings’ Day)
- March 19 – Saint Joseph’s Day (San José)
- March/April – Easter and Good Friday
- May 1 – Labor Day
- July 25 – Saint James’ Day (Santiago)
- August 15 – Assumption of the Virgin Mary
- October 12 – Spanish National Day (Fiesta Nacional de España)
- November 1 – All Saints’ Day
- December 8 – Immaculate Conception
- December 25 – Christmas Day
Note: Regional holidays vary by province, and local festivals may be declared public holidays in specific areas.
Medical Services
Healthcare in Spain is generally paid for tourists, so it's important to carry valid travel insurance.
- For serious illnesses, use your insurance policy to access care at hospitals or clinics.
- For minor ailments, you can visit a pharmacy, where trained pharmacists can diagnose common issues, prescribe medication, and explain usage.
Pharmacy Hours:
- Morning: 9:30–14:00
- Afternoon: 16:30–20:00
Useful Emergency Numbers in Spain
- 112 – General Emergency (Police, Ambulance, Fire)
- 091 – National Police
- 080 – Fire Department (Madrid and Barcelona)
- 092 – Local Police (including traffic accidents within cities)
Useful Tips for Traveling in Spain
- Siesta Time: Many shops, restaurants, and businesses close for a few hours in the afternoon for siesta. Plan your activities accordingly.
- Maps & Tourist Info: Free maps and city plans are available at most hotels and tourist information offices.
- Restaurants:
- Restaurants in Spain are categorized by the number of forks (1 to 5), indicating service level and quality.
- Most have one day off per week, typically posted at the entrance along with a menu and pricing.
- Look for the "Menu del Día", a set-price meal (usually lunch), which is more affordable than ordering à la carte.
- Spanish wines are generally excellent — try Rioja, a well-known fortified wine.
- Wine is usually cheaper (about 15%) when ordered at the bar instead of at a table.
- Tipping:
- A service charge is usually included in your bill.
- You may leave a tip for good service: Restaurants: 5–10% of the bill; Cafés: Around €1.
- Beaches:
- All Spanish beaches are public.
- Sun loungers and umbrellas are available to rent for an additional fee.
- Safety:
- Be cautious with your wallet and valuables, especially in crowded areas.
- Carry only small amounts of cash when exploring.
- VAT Refund:
- You can claim a VAT refund if you spend more than €90 in a single store.
- Collect receipts and ask the store for a Tax-Free form.
- Stamp the form at customs when departing Spain.
- The refund will be processed via mail or bank transfer.
- Taxis & Transport:
- Taxis can be ordered from hotels or bars, or hailed on the street.
- For public transport schedules, ask your hotel reception or guide — they usually have up-to-date timetables.
- Hotel Checkout:
- Rooms must typically be vacated by 10:00 AM on the day of departure.
- If your flight is late, luggage can usually be stored in the hotel’s storage room.
- Traveling with Pets:
- A veterinary certificate confirming rabies vaccination is required for pets.
Tourist Tax in Catalonia
As of November 1, 2012, a tourist tax is charged for stays in accommodation across Catalonia, including Barcelona. This tax is paid directly to the hotel or apartment, even if accommodation is pre-paid as part of a tour package.
Maximum charge: Tax is applied for up to 7 nights per person.
